"Indeed the life of knowledge is sustained through constant discussion and critique"
Imam Muhammad al-Baqir
COLLABORATE
Religious scholars and experts in different fields discuss pertinent questions facing Muslims
RESEARCH
Religious scholars consult a plethora of evidence to derive Sharia regulations
EMPOWER
Regulations are published with detailed explanations empowering you to make an informed decision
Permissibility of Self-flagellation in Islam
Is self-flagellation in honour of Imam Ḥusayn permissible in Islam?
Permissibility of the use of Cannabis in Islam
Is it permissible to use cannabis for recreational or medical reasons?
Permissibility of using physical or psychological force to enjoin good and forbid evil
Is it permissible for individuals or vigilante groups to use physical or psychological force to enact the duty of enjoining good (amr bi-l-maʿrūf) and forbidding evil (nahī ʿan al-munkar)?
Is it permissible to fast on the day of ʿĀshūrāʾ?
The Islamic View on Funeral Rights
Is it necessary to bury Muslims?
Is it permissible to enter a clause within a nikāḥ/marriage contract that stipulates that intercourse is only allowed with mutual consent?
Animal Issues
Is it permissible to keep dogs as pets?
Shaking Hands with the Opposite Gender
Is it permissible to shake the hand of a non-mahram?
The Permissibility of Reciting Salāt in One's Native Language
Is it permissible to perform ṣalāt in one’s native language?
Animal Sacrifice at Hajj
Can Animal Sacrifice (Qurbani) at Hajj be substituted with another offering?
Inside ICCI
The International Centre for Collective Ijtihad (ICCI) proposes that the most accurate method of deriving Sharia regulations engages the collaborative efforts of religious scholars (mujtahids) and experts in various fields. Whilst Muslims concur that Sharia rulings are revealed by God in order to lead humankind towards perfection, modern day advancements often raise complex questions about the appropriate religious stance that ought to be taken to sufficiently deal with new, arising situations in human life.
Traditionally, an individual mujtahid is tasked with deducing Sharia regulations by utilising and interpreting evidences that are considered to be authoritative, which is a process known as ijtihad. However, owing to constant developments in fields such as medicine, economics and technology, it is rather difficult, if not impossible, for a mujtahid to arrive at an accurate understanding of different subject matters and deduce Sharia regulations in relation to them. As such, the collective model of ijtihad upholds that conclusions deduced by a body of mujtahids, who have consulted with subject matter experts, provides a more accurate understanding of the regulations intended by God.
ICCI’s understanding of ijtihad is rooted in the statement of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s), who said: “Indeed the life of knowledge is sustained through constant discussion and critique”. In light of this view, ICCI not only explores new questions, but it also reconsiders issues that have previously been concluded upon within traditional jurisprudence but continue to pose great challenges to Muslim communities.
The conclusions of ICCI are published as statements of guidance, with justifications that provide an in-depth rationale of how they were deduced. This enables readers to gain a complete understanding of the process involved behind determining each statement of guidance, so that they can make an informed decision and either accept or reject the guidance of ICCI.
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INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR COLLECTIVE IJTIHAD
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR COLLECTIVE IJTIHAD
What is ICCI?
The International Centre for Collective Ijtihad (ICCI) believes that the most accurate method of deriving Sharia regulations is through the collaborative efforts of religious scholars (mujtahids) and experts in various fields. Whilst Muslims concur that Sharia rulings are revealed by God with the objective of leading humankind towards perfection, modern-day advancements raise complex questions regarding the appropriate stance which ought to be adopted.
Traditionally, an individual mujtahid is tasked with deducing Sharia regulations by using and interpreting evidences that are considered to be authoritative – a process known as ijtihad. Owing to constant developments in areas such as medicine, economics, and technology, it is rather difficult, if not impossible, for an individual mujtahid to arrive at an accurate understanding of different subject matters and deduce Sharia regulations in relation to them. The collective model of ijtihad holds that conclusions deduced by a body of mujtahids in consultation with subject matter experts provide a more accurate understanding of regulations intended by God than the endeavours of an individual.
The Scholars and Experts
ICCI’s understanding of ijtihad is rooted in the statement of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s) which says, “Indeed the life of knowledge is sustained through constant discussion and critique”. In light of this, ICCI not only deliberates on new questions but also reconsiders issues already concluded within traditional jurisprudence if they pose great challenges to Muslim communities.
The conclusions of ICCI are published as statements of guidance with justifications that provide an in-depth rationale of how they were deduced. This enables individuals to make an informed decision and gives them the liberty to accept or reject the guidance of ICCI.
inside icci
The most accurate method of deriving Sharia regulations is through the collaborative efforts of religious scholars (Mujtahids) and experts in various fields.
The International Centre for Collective Ijtihad (ICCI) believes that the most accurate method of deriving Sharia regulations is through the collaborative efforts of religious scholars (Mujtahids) and experts in various fields. Whilst Muslims concur that Sharia rulings are revealed by God with the objective of leading humankind towards perfection, modern-day advancements raise complex questions regarding the appropriate stance which ought to be adopted.
Traditionally, an individual mujtahid is tasked with deducing Sharia regulations by using and interpreting evidences that are considered to be authoritative – a process known as ijtihad. Owing to constant developments in areas such as medicine, economics and technology, it is rather difficult, if not impossible, for an individual mujtahid to arrive at an accurate understanding of different subject matters and deduce Sharia regulations in relation to them. The collective model of ijtihad holds that conclusions deduced by a body of mujtahids in consultation with subject matter experts provide a more accurate understanding of regulations intended by God than the endeavours of an individual.
ICCI’s understanding of ijtihad is rooted in the statement of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s) which says, “Indeed the life of knowledge is sustained through constant discussion and critique”. In light of this, ICCI not only deliberates on new questions but also reconsiders issues already concluded within traditional jurisprudence if they pose great challenges to Muslim communities.
The conclusions of ICCI are published as statements of guidance with justifications that provide in-depth rationale of how they were deduced. This enables individuals to make an informed decision and gives them the liberty to accept or reject the guidance of ICCI.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
WHAT IS SHARIA AND WHY FOLLOW IT?
Sharia regulations (aḥkām al-sharīʿa) are value-based directives revealed by God to govern and regulate all aspects of human life. Since adherence to them leads mankind to benefit and protects them from detriment, Muslims are vested with the responsibility to ensure that their conduct is in accordance with the dictates of Sharia. This raises the question; how do we know what the Sharia regulations are? According to traditional Twelver Shia Muslim jurists, knowledge of Sharia regulations can be deduced through the process of ijtihad by a person who is qualified in Islamic jurisprudence and legal theory, commonly known as a mujtahid or marjaʿ. Those unable to deduce regulations independently must imitate – or do taqlīd – of a person who performs ijtihad.
WHAT IS IJTIHAD
Ijtihad refers to the juristic process undertaken by a mujtahid whose task is to arrive at an understanding of Sharia regulations as intended by God. These regulations can only be deduced from evidence (dalīl) that is authoritative (ḥujja). By acting on authoritative evidence, a mujtahid is excused from error (muʿadhdhiriyya) and protected from accountability (munajjīziyya) before God. Even if an inaccurate deduction is made, and the regulation does not correspond to that which is intended by God, the error is forgiven. On the other hand, if the erroneous deduction is based on evidence which is not authoritative, the mujtahid is held accountable. Thus, the legitimacy of ijtihad is based entirely on the utilisation of authoritative evidence (dalīl al-ḥujja) to deduce Sharia regulations.
WHAT IS AN AUTHORITATIVE EVIDENCE?
An authoritative evidence, which can be used to deduce a Sharia regulation, is one which generates certainty (qaṭʿ) in itself. An evidence that does not generate certainty in itself, can still be utilised by a mujtahid provided that it is sanctioned by God (through other certainty bearing evidence).
In light of this, Shia mujtahids generally uphold a fourfold categorisation of evidence from which they deduce Sharia regulations. These include the textual sources of the Quran and Sunna (traditions of the Prophet and the Imams), and the non-textual sources of consensus (ijmāʿ) and reason (ʿaql).
However, since non-textual sources can only be utilised in cases where they generate certainty, which rarely occurs, mujtahids typically give preference to textual sources over non textual sources in their deduction of Sharia regulations.
Despite this preference, mujtahids readily admit that their interpretation of the textual sources of the Quran and Sunna may be erroneous and therefore their deductions may contradict the regulations intended by God.
In order for them not to be held accountable for any error, traditional Twelver legists go to great lengths to prove the authoritativeness of the hermeneutical principle of apparent meaning (aṣālat al-ẓuhūr). In line with this principle, the most prudential method of interpretation is to act in accordance with the apparent meaning of textual sources. This effectively leads mujtahids to interpret the Quran and Sunna in a literal manner when deducing Sharia regulations.
WHY IS THERE IS A NEED FOR CONTINUOUS IJTIHAD AND WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF THE TRADITIONAL MODEL?
For the Twelver Shias, the door of ijtihad has never been closed. Shia jurisprudence has always recognised the importance of continuous ijtihad to provide appropriate regulations in response to emerging challenges faced by Muslim communities.
However, not all questions that arise can be responded to by the traditional method of ijtihad, as it is unable to consult a plethora of independent sources and exegetical hermeneutical principles. Due to the requirement of certainty, traditional ijtihad overly relies on the literal apparent reading of the textual sources of law without taking into account the context in which they were revealed.
In addition, it is also not possible for an individual mujtahid to fully understand and keep up with the subject matter of the various issues faced by present day Muslim societies due to the incessant developments in different fields and sciences. Accordingly, it is rather difficult –if not impossible- for an individual mujtahid to arrive at an accurate appreciation of the subject matter and thus deduce a Sharia regulation pertaining to it.
WHAT IS THE COLLECTIVE MODEL OF IJTIHAD?
The collective model of ijtihad upholds the Shia theological understanding that Sharia regulations are value based and lead mankind towards benefit and perfection. It also maintains the rational necessity of keeping the door of ijtihad open, whereby accurate answers are continually sought in response to new questions raised by Muslim communities.
According to the collective model of ijtihad the conclusions deduced by a body of mujtahids in consultation with subject matter experts provide a more accurate understanding of Sharia regulations than the endeavours of an individual mujtahid. Due to the complexities and vast scope of questions that arise, involvement of subject matter experts is integral for explaining the particularities of a given topic to the body of mujtahids. With a proper appreciation of the subject matter, mujtahids are able to deliberate and deduce Sharia regulations. The justification for the collective model of ijtihad can be rooted in the statement of Imam Mohammad al-Baqir (a.s), “Indeed the life of knowledge is sustained through constant discussion and critique.”
In addition, to the inclusion of subject matter experts, the collective model of ijtihad is also able to consult a plethora of independent sources and exegetical hermeneutical principles. Human evolution and progress in different fields means that there is access to a wide range of knowledge. Within the collective model of ijtihad, mujtahids take recourse to any, and all, evidence that can potentially give knowledge of Sharia including the contextual reading of the textual sources.
As opposed to the traditional method of ijtihad which emphasises the juristic utility of evidences that generate certainty in the deduction of Sharia regulations, the collective model is more concerned with deducing regulations with greater accuracy. The insistence on using certainty generating evidence does not ensure that the regulation deduced is free from error, rather it offers protection to a mujtahid from liability in front of God should he make an erroneous deduction. However, the collective model of ijtihad holds that arriving at an accurate appreciation of Sharia regulation is of greater importance than ensuring protection from liability and therefore, it does not have a stringent requirement of only accepting evidence that generates certainty.
CAN OPINIONS OF THE ICCI BE IMITATED?
Imitation, or taqlīd, technically refers to ‘placing the yoke of responsibility on the neck of another, provided that the other offers to bear the yoke of responsibility.’[1] Every Muslim is responsible for ensuring that his/her conduct in is accordance with the Sharia. Reason dictates that anyone who lacks the ability to independently deduce Sharia regulations imitate a qualified person, or a collective body of people, who have the competency to conduct ijtihad. As a result, the competent collective body is burdened with the responsibility of accurately arriving at the knowledge of Sharia regulations and its individual members take full accountability in case of an erroneous judgment.
Therefore, as with the traditional system of taqlīd the onus of responsibility is voluntarily taken by the collective body. However, in contrast to the traditional understanding, it requires individuals to acquaint themselves with the rationale and justifications provided by the collective body of mujtahids on any of its given opinions. The reason for this is because, as explained above, taqlīd is a rational necessity, and thus if a person was to rationally or intuitively disagree with the rationale behind the opinion of a competent person or a competent collective body, then they are at the liberty of consulting another opinion. This acquaintance with the underlying justifications allows individuals to remove their incompetency and move to a newer level of competency regarding its understanding of Sharia regulations, which may effectively assist them in the attainment of benefit and perfection.
WHO ARE THE MEMBERS OF ICCI?
The ICCI brings together a core team of mujtahids who possess the ability to conduct ijtihad by traditional standards. The team of mujtahids utilise different analytical perspectives in the process of deducing Sharia regulations. In addition, the ICCI includes expert members in varying different fields of knowledge such as social sciences, medicine, business and commerce etc. The involvement of expert members allows the group of mujtahids to gain further insight into challenges faced by Muslims, enabling them to arrive a more accurate appreciation of the regulation.
HOW DOES THE ICCI FUNCTION?
After deliberating on a selected issue, the ICCI endeavours to arrive at consensus to what Sharia regulations pertain to it. If a consensus is successfully achieved by the body of mujtahids, it is published on ICCI website with in-depth rationale and justification.
Issues for which a consensus is not successfully achieved lead to the production a minority and majority opinion with full rationale and published on ICCI website.
Scholars may choose to publish their research papers on their respective web-pages to demonstrate how they arrived at a specific conclusion on a given issue.